Are you an English? Are you a British?

Question

I once encountered a lady who seemed to come from America or the United Kingdom. When I asked Are you an American? she said no. I was reluctant to ask if she is an English because it sounded very strange. I learned from this answer that it would be right to say Are you English? but it also sounds strange to me. I know it might be right. I wonder if I can say Are you a British?

I learned from the dictionary that both British and English represent the British people or the people of England. They are both plural nouns.

Are there native ways to ask if a person comes from England? Is this question right? Should I ask if a person is one of the British (or English people)?

*Are you British?*, *Are you a Brit?*........... *Are you English?* is correct and doesn't sound strange at all. — Void, Jan 24 '21 at 15:32
Note that non-English Brits can sometimes be rather offended if you refer to them as 'English'! Complicated, huh? — Strawberry, Jan 24 '21 at 23:50
As a non-native English speaker, hearing "Are you English?" seems harder to comprehend even though I know "Are you American?" or "Are you Chinese?" are okay. Somehow my mind tried to correct to "Are you (speaking) English?" immediately. — Andrew T., Jan 25 '21 at 05:54
On EL&u a very similar question was posted way back in 2014 [**Why can we say 'an American' but not 'a British'?**](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/194684/why-can-we-say-an-american-but-not-a-british) — Mari-Lou A, Jan 25 '21 at 12:00
"a similar question" doesn't mean it's identical :) I posted the link for anyone interested in knowing. — Mari-Lou A, Jan 25 '21 at 12:21
1. The first and most important thing to know is that it is much safer and much more polite to use adjectives rather than nouns when referring to nationality in English (especially in British English). This is also true when we talk about ethnicity. If you ignore this, it's possible to accidentally come across as slightly bigoted/racist. — Araucaria - Not here any more., Jan 25 '21 at 14:05
2. The words *British* and *English* are sometimes referred to as nouns when they occur in phrases like "the British" or "the English". However, these are still adjectives. It might help to understand them as being short for "the British (people)" or "the English (people)". These types of noun phrases are sometimes called "fused head" noun phrases. The are unusual because they don't contain any nouns. They nearly always refer to groups of people, not singular people and always have the word *the* not the word *a*. — Araucaria - Not here any more., Jan 25 '21 at 14:10
I still think I should be able to call someone from Denmark "a Danish". :-) (For English learners, this is a joke, because "a danish" is a kind of pastry.) — stangdon, Jan 25 '21 at 15:36
Related: [Why is “a Japanese” offensive?](https://ell.stackexchange.com/q/183/9161) — ColleenV, Jan 25 '21 at 16:40
You could equally ask - 'Are you *an* American?, as 'Are you American?' — Tim, Jan 25 '21 at 16:43
Oddly, you can call someone "*a New Englander*" (being from one of the New England states in the US), but I've never heard of anyone being called "*an Englander*" (from England). I don't know of any noun to describe someone from England except for "*a Brit*" which also includes Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland, etc. There is "*a Scot*" for just Scotland, but none of the others have a (non-gendered) noun form. — Darrel Hoffman, Jan 25 '21 at 18:09
Angle? I guess the name of the country has diverged from the term for the folks who live there. — James, Jan 25 '21 at 20:55
As a side note...English and British do not mean the same thing. Scottish people and Welsh people and North Irish people are British, they are not English. — swbarnes2, Jan 26 '21 at 01:03
One alternative would be to ask "Are you from England?" or "Are you from Canada?" and so on. This is exactly the same question, and will be understood clearly, and is also much more regular because you just substitute in the name of the country, state, city, province, etc. — Dale Hagglund, Jan 26 '21 at 02:17
@Strawberry, and don't forget that Ireland is not part of Great Britain, even though Northern Ireland is part of the UK. — Carsten S, Jan 26 '21 at 09:58
@Carsten (...A part of the UK with which the mainland no longer has paperless trade!) Yep. And don't get me started on the Channel Islands! — Strawberry, Jan 26 '21 at 10:00
Also looked at here: [For people, can you say “a British” like you can say “an Australian”?](https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/96894/for-people-can-you-say-a-british-like-you-can-say-an-australian) — mcalex, Jan 27 '21 at 05:32
As an aside, my partner is European living in England with me - and finds it extremely off-putting when people ask her nationality when her original accent comes through - I'd not generally ask someone that any more, and if an answer isn't volunteered then pushing it is potentially offensive! — Rycochet, Jan 27 '21 at 15:02

score 47 · Accepted Answer · answered Jan 24 '21 at 16:06

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It's a peculiarity of the language that in some cases the noun for a person of a particular nationality is the same as the adjective, in other cases it is not.

He is American (adj.) - an American (noun).

He is German - a German.

... but we can't say He is a French or She is an English. It's perfectly correct, and much easier, to say She is English/British/French. The nouns would be Englishman/woman and Frenchman/woman. There is a noun for a British person, Briton, but it is not much used in everyday conversation.

Ask "Do you come from Britain?" or "Are you British?"

I'm afraid it is just one more of the odd things about the English language that you have to memorise!

answered Jan 24 '21 at 16:06

Kate Bunting

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"The nouns would be Englishman/woman and Frenchman/woman." There's other more colloquial names as well. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_names_for_the_British There's also the mild slur "frog" for the French. – nick012000 Jan 25 '21 at 03:04
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Actually, it’s not as inconsistent as you might think. Most nationalities (I’m saying ‘most’ here to be cautious, I know of none that do not follow this, but my knowledge may be incomplete) where the adjective ends in ‘sh’ or ‘ch’ change for the noun form. Most such cases either append ‘man’ (or ‘woman’ or ‘person’) or shift to a longer noun-phrase utilizing the adjective, though there are exceptions (for example, ‘Finnish’ (or alternatively ‘Finnic’) and ‘Finn’ or ‘Flemish’ and ‘Fleming’). A vast majority of nationalities that do not fit the above mentioned ending do not change. – Austin Hemmelgarn Jan 25 '21 at 03:22
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@AustinHemmelgarn: Add -ese, at least, to that list (*Chinese*, *Japanese*, *Maltese*, *Portuguese*…). After an admittedly short time thinking, I would say rather that the rule is -an is the ending that **doesn't** change (*(an) Australian*, *(a) German*, *(an) Italian*, *(a) Mexican*…), and others do. – Tim Pederick Jan 25 '21 at 06:54
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The referenced noun (Briton) is more often used in its shortened form 'Brit'. "Are you a Brit?" is a grammatically correct, if colloquial, question – mcalex Jan 25 '21 at 08:09
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@nick012000 I hope you are not suggesting that we teach a Chinese person to ask "Are you a Limey?" or "Are you a Frog?"! – Kate Bunting Jan 25 '21 at 08:26
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I think this changes over time, too. To judge from old books, it used to be common to refer to someone from China as ‘a Chinese’, but now that would sound very odd. (In fact, these days I think it would be much more likely to refer to a Chinese _meal_, than a person!) – gidds Jan 25 '21 at 09:14
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@KateBunting “Limey” and “Frog” are explicitly derogatory terms. “Brit” isn’t. – Konrad Rudolph Jan 25 '21 at 12:02
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@TimPederick Excellent point, though interestingly for the ones ending in ‘-ese’ I almost never hear people use a noun form, it always seems to just be the adjective form. – Austin Hemmelgarn Jan 25 '21 at 12:42
I think Austin Hemmelgarn's answer, above in the comments, is the best answer. SH and CH nationalities add *man* to refer to a human of that ilk. Dutchman, Englishman, Frenchman, and Spaniard(?). Almost. – EllieK - Don't support her Jan 25 '21 at 15:18
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@AustinHemmelgarn You might find [this answer](https://ell.stackexchange.com/a/257/9161) interesting... It discusses an article about how nationalities with different endings are treated in English. – ColleenV Jan 25 '21 at 16:51
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@EllieK It gets even more interesting because there is at least one exception to the ‘-an’ rule mentioned above: ‘Grecian/Greek’ (though ‘Grecian’ is becoming increasingly rare in vernacular usage, and of course neither really matches up with how Greeks describe themselves (that would be ‘Hellenic’ and possibly ‘Helenite’ as a derivative noun...). – Austin Hemmelgarn Jan 25 '21 at 18:37
@mcalex "british" more obviously relates to "brit" than to "briton", like "brutish" to "brute", "sheepish" to "sheep" and so forth. – Kaz Jan 26 '21 at 07:29
@Kaz - _British_ derives from _Britain_. _Brit_ is just a modern abbreviation of _British [person]. Briton_ was an old name for a person from Britain ('Ancient Britons' was a term for the Iron Age inhabitants), sometimes used for modern people but rather old-fashioned. – Kate Bunting Jan 26 '21 at 09:37
@KateBunting Heh. "Limey". About that. An observation and a question: Why do Americans use the word "Limey" in order to insult us? It calls to mind the period of history where we conquered the seas and built the greatest empire ever, by inventing the use of lime juice to prevent scurvy. Limey as an insult? Might as well try to insult Americans by calling them "moonwalkers". Reckon this is worth a formal question? – Prime Mover Jan 26 '21 at 09:44
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@PrimeMover Googling _limey_, I find that opinions differ as to whether it's an insult or merely a nickname. However, using a nickname for a particular group of people is obviously less polite than using the proper word. – Kate Bunting Jan 26 '21 at 09:57
@KateBunting I had a specific interaction with a particularly stupid and obnoxious American on the internet a while back who was convinced that calling me "limey" was the funniest and most insulting and rudest and most praiseworthy way of putting me in my place. I calmly pointed out the above fact that it's really not that insulting, but he refused to believe me and continued with his intellect-free discourse. Weird, I know, but clearly a definite "thing" among certain of the residents of that fair nation. – Prime Mover Jan 26 '21 at 10:02
@PrimeMover Isn't a limey essentially someone bold enough to sail around the world, while being clever enough to avoid scurvy with citrus fruit? – Kaz Jan 26 '21 at 16:15
I tried to explain why you can have a plural subject that’s just *the British* [here](https://english.stackexchange.com/a/558376/2085). There the plural noun has fused into the modifier, but that cannot happen with *a British*. Don’t ask me why. – tchrist Jan 27 '21 at 02:59
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@Kaz, 'Brit' is a noun, 'British' an adjective. You rarely see 'Brit' as a shortened form for 'British', except in such portmanteaux as Britpop, Britart etc. I disagree that Briton is old fashioned, [ngram](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=britons&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cbritons%3B%2Cc0) (assuming I can use it properly) shows it's not hugely popular, but use is increasing since the turn of the century. I would expect a higher frequency in news articles and similar than books, given the type of word. – mcalex Jan 27 '21 at 05:38

score 12 · Answer 2 · answered Jan 24 '21 at 16:06

National identity is a complex thing, especially when a person can have more than one identity. Consider "Are you Chinese?". A person can be "Chinese" but live in Singapore, the US or anywhere in the world. A person can live in China, but is not Han Chinese (Yi, Tibetian, Uighur and so on). Or be Han Chinese, but from one of the regions (Hakka, Wu, Yue etc). Are you "Chinese"?

Are you English? is a perfectly correct question. I'm English, but I'm also European and British, a Sussexite, and a Citizen of the World. My brother-in-law is Scottish, though he lives in England. His kids are English (but support Scotland in the rugby). My friend is British, and English, and Indian, and Keralese. My nephew is American and British and Canadian and Indian and Pakistani and a Marylander...

As with any personal question, first think "Do I need to know?" So if not, then it's probably best not to say anything. If you ask "Are you American" and she says "no" but doesn't say anything else, then that is a strong hint that she doesn't want to talk about it. If you do decide to ask then "Are you English?" is correct and doesn't mean "Do you speak English". But be aware that many people in the UK do not identify as "English". "Are you British?" is also correct, (but for people in Northern Ireland, that question can start fights.) "Are you from the UK?" is also correct.

The question you ask depends on why you want to know.

Only asking personal questions if you "need to know" seems a bit strong, especially since we have no idea what the context is. If it was a social gathering than personal questions are expected, although this particular one may still be problematic. — user3067860, Jan 25 '21 at 15:51
Yes, you are right. My question is more about the spoken language itself, not business English. In that scenario, I just replied to her a single "English?" and she nodded her head. Period. That said, British people sometimes look cliquey (compared to Americans). — Lerner Zhang, Feb 02 '21 at 11:44

score 5 · Answer 3 · answered Jan 25 '21 at 09:20

"Are you British?" works, or simply ask if they are from the British Isles or if they are from the UK.

Asking if they are "an English" sounds very weird making the "English" part sound like it needs an extra word and that the "English" would serve as an adjective(as in "Are you an English woman?"), compared to asking if they are English. "Are you a Briton" would work as well.

You can sidestep all the problems that might arise from them identifying as Welsh, Scott or as a Briton from Australia or such places by simply asking them where they are from though if you're curious - this is perfectly acceptable and has little risk of offending anyone except if you're asking it near to the place they are from implying that they would have a weird accent or mannerisms for the locale you are currently in - but say if you meet someone abroad in a country and they seem foreign to that country it's perfectly acceptable to just ask where they are from if you're in conversation with them.

If someone is speaking fluent native English though I often just ask "so are you from America, England or where?" because I can make a guess where they are from but it might not be correct. Never had a "kiwi" or an "ozzie" throw a fit over it and if they are from a non English speaking country it just works as a compliment on their English skills.

Nat · Answer 4 · 2021-01-26T01:59:34.577

tl;dr– Probably easiest to just ask someone if an adjective describing a nationality fits them. Historically, nouns were constructed as [adjective]+"man", with some being truncated to just [adjective] if the compounding sounded redundant, though since the non-truncated variants may carry some cultural baggage, it may be advisable to avoid them in favor of just using the adjectives.

Ask if they're described by an adjective or are a noun.

You can:

Ask if an adjective describing their nationality fits them.
Ask if they are a noun describing someone of that nationality.

For example:

Are you English?
Are you an Englishman?

Note that the +"man" suffix is sex/gender-neutral. For example, "Englishman" doesn't generally imply masculinity.

In some cases, compounding [adjective]+"man" can sound redundant, e.g. "German-man" or "American-man". In these cases, the +"man" suffix seems to be dropped, such that it's just "German" and "American".

However, the non-truncated nouns aren't as common now; they seem to have acquired some weird cultural baggage. For example:

"Englishman" can sound a bit formal in some contexts.
"Frenchman" may mostly just sound a bit archaic.
"Chinaman" is more likely to be interpreted as offensive.
"Scotsman" has held up relatively well. It's not commonly seen as offensive nor quite so dated.

The truncated-nouns probably dodged acquiring this baggage by being homonyms of the adjectives, so while "American" and "German" are pretty neutral, it's probably advisable to avoid most of the terms that explicitly end with "man".

Note: The `[adjective]+"man"` construction still works elsewhere.

The above discussed [adjective]+"man" with respect to nationalities.

The same construction is used in other places. Examples:

A businessman is someone who does business.
A fireman is someone who puts out fires.
A Congressman is someone in Congress.
- Note that "Congressman" is typically capitalized, despite being a generic noun, as it's simply constructed from "Congress"+"man", where "Congress" is typically capitalized.

These terms are still in widespread usage.

The major caveat is that there's a lot of interest in gender shifting some perceptions of "man" being exclusively masculine. So in some cases, folks'll use [adjective]+"woman" for females or [adjective]+"person" for gender-neutrality.

Even 50 years ago the acceptance of -man as gender neutral was shifting, but in particular I would never ask a woman if she was an "Englishman". I wouldn't use "Englishwoman" either because it sounds very stuffy to my ears. — Dale Hagglund, Jan 26 '21 at 02:12
@DaleHagglund: Yeah, I recently read a US Supreme Court opinion from 1874 in which their discussion indicated that there was popular confusion on the topic (though the Court itself was clear on the topic). I think the larger issue's primarily that the literal English doesn't simplify well, allowing there to be confusion. Most language conventions correspond, where someone who isn't fully literate can still get an approximate understanding, but the genderedness of "_man_" is largely non-correspondent in that it's not well-approximated in simpler understandings of English. — Nat, Jan 26 '21 at 02:16

score 1 · Answer 5 · answered Jan 27 '21 at 23:18

You are discussing locatives. Since locative usage can differ from that of other uses of the same word, there can be some confusion.

One would not say

Are you an English?

The two correct alternatives use the locative and use "English" as an adjective:

Are you English?
Are you an English person?

The use of "Are you an English?" Sounds as odd as "Are you a tall?" I am a tall person, but I am not an instance of the abstract idea of tallness. Similarly, I am an American person, but I am not an instance of the abstract idea of American-ness.

score 0 · Answer 6 · answered Jan 26 '21 at 17:12

Be careful what you ask, if she's Welsh, she should answer 'yes' to "Are you British", but 'no' to "Are you English". England is a part of Britain, but so are Scotland and Wales. This doesn't directly answer your question, but may help clarifying what you should ask and what the responses may mean.

score 0 · Answer 7 · answered Jan 26 '21 at 21:05

Phrasing the question in terms of the national identity of the individual, either as a noun or adjective, has commplexities. Many historically-normal nouns are gender-specific; as two of the prior comments say, "Englishman" is not suitable for a woman, no matter how convenient it would be if it were. And many countries' names have been co-opted as ethnic identifiers; so someone may identify as Chinese even though they're several generations North American born, when what you wanted to know if if they were, themselves, from China. Conversely, a member of an ethnic minority group might not identify with the name of the country they're a citizen of, where ethnic or regional idenities are strong. (I once asked a new neighbour if she was Italian and she said, "No, No, Calabria!")

A very good tack might be to phrase the question as "Are you from —". This is much safer as country names are well standardized and do not bear on the gender or ethnic identity of the person. There are a few difficult cases; what Britain means, for example, remains opaque to many anglophone North Americans, and a few nations have names in a state of politically-charged flux, but these are rare and if you use the name generally accepted internationally you should be ok.

I want to add, though, that in your example, I would take it as odd that the lady you spoke to just said "No" and nothing more. Far more common would be to say, "No, Canadian" or "No, Australian" or even "No, why do you ask?". Just a simple No is more likely to indicate she didn't feel like talking; and I doubt very much she'd welcome a game of 20 Questions where we listed off all the countries we could think of.

score 0 · Answer 8 · answered Jan 26 '21 at 21:31

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-ish 1. a suffix used to form adjectives from nouns, with the sense of “belonging to” (British; Danish; English; Spanish); “after the manner of,” “having the characteristics of,” “like” (babyish; girlish; ...

The noun is Britain/Brit, the adjective form is British.

"Are you British?" means "Are you [belonging to Britain]?"

"Are you [adjective]?" "Are you fast?"

In the above, don't use "a" because "British" is an adjective.

"Are you a citizen?"

"Are you a [noun]?" "Are you a runner?"

In the above, you use "a" because "citizen" is a noun.

"Are you a British citizen?"

"Are you a [adjective] [noun]?" "Are you a fast runner?"

In the above, "British" clarifies the type of "citizen" as an adjective. Still use "a" because "citizen" is a noun.

Other nationality-words like "American" get used as both a noun and an adjective, the other answers already went into detail about that.

answered Jan 26 '21 at 21:31

gunfulker

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"Are you a British Citizen?" is a question about a legal status that the UK government has tried to remove from groups hitherto accepted as belonging here (Windrush, Gurkha veterans, etc) and not the same question as the OP's "Are you British, you have a different accent?" – Pete Kirkham Jan 27 '21 at 14:18
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It's an example of a case where you *do* use "a" before "British". By the necessity of the sentence structure it has to be more specific than simply "Are you British". But by all means, feel good about yourself for downvoting a bigot on the internet because I failed include enough of *your* political neuroticism into *my* answer about grammar. – gunfulker Jan 27 '21 at 18:57
This isn't just a English grammar site, it is for learners of English who can be assumed also not to have a native's grounding in the culture. So while your example is grammatical, it is also not a question that people without the understanding of the possible implications of the question should be encouraged to ask. Think of an example which isn't treated as a micro-aggression by 10% of the UK population and I'll remove the downvote. As you don't list a location on your profile, my assumption is lack of knowledge not any bigoted intent; the downvote is on the answer not on you as a person. – Pete Kirkham Jan 28 '21 at 14:17

score 0 · Answer 9 · answered Jan 27 '21 at 15:15

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I learned from the dictionary that both British and English represent the British people or the people of England.

Then you need a new dictionary, with regard to that "English represent the British people".

Tl;dr - asking some Scottish, Welsh or Irish "are you English" may result in a sore nose.

How is your mathematics? Have you covered Venn diagrams? The internet is full of the likes of this:

which is odd, in that it starts with Britain (England plus Wales). Here's a very simplified version:

Scotland, England Wales and Northern Ireland are each individual countries (for proof, just look at international sporting competitions ;-)
England plus Wales equals Britain
to make it great, add Scotland, and you get Great Britain
add Northern Ireland and you have the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The whole "British, or associated" thing gets vastly complex. For further, fascinating, detail of all things Brit-related, see this excellent page, which goes as far as

answered Jan 27 '21 at 15:15

Mawg says reinstate Monica

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This is fascinating, but doesn’t answer the question, and isn’t really about learning the English language. – ColleenV Jan 27 '21 at 15:26
I posted it fully expecting downvotes. However, 1) it corrects a mistake in the OP's understanding and/or dictionary 2) it contains enough information to answer the question "`... it would be right to say Are you English? but it also sounds strange to me. I know it might be right. I wonder if I can say Are you a British?"`" (when in doubt, use British) 3) it might help readers avoid a punched nose (or worse, and I am ***not*** joking. Wherever you hail from, I am sure that you have an equivalent - asking a redneck if he is Canadian, for instance;a Bavarian if he is Prussian ...) – Mawg says reinstate Monica Jan 27 '21 at 21:11
Plus 4) as you said, it is fascinating – Mawg says reinstate Monica Jan 27 '21 at 21:13
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I did not downvote it, because it’s well-written and tangentially related. It’s not really appropriate as part of this Q&A though. It’s a shame there isn’t a separate linked “discussion” page to capture these things. Since we don’t have that, I’m not going to make a stink about removing helpful information. – ColleenV Jan 27 '21 at 21:15
I didn't think that you did. Downvoters rarely comment :-) I am not sure though whether that was " helpful information" or "confusing information" ;-) Just don't ask a Welshamn if he is English :-) – Mawg says reinstate Monica Jan 27 '21 at 21:19
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(also “redneck” is one of those descriptors that you have to be able to apply to yourself to use politely and is completely different from “hillbilly” ;) ) – ColleenV Jan 27 '21 at 21:20
Lolx! I didn't mean to apporpriate anyone's culture. – Mawg says reinstate Monica Jan 27 '21 at 21:22
Do you have a citation for defining Britain as "England and Wales"? I've never encountered this usage before. Colloquially, "Britain" (without the "great" which refers, as you correctly say, to the biggest island in the archipelago) is used to refer to the UK. Although England-and-Wales, without Scotland, has been at times a single entity, I've never heard it called anything other than "England and Wales". – tea-and-cake May 06 '21 at 11:19
It's also by no means universally-accepted to refer to the archipelago as the British Isles. It is understandably not the term used by, or in dealings with, the Republic of Ireland, where preference is to use "islands of the North Atlantic" (with the attractive acronym IONA) or the pithier "these islands". – tea-and-cake May 06 '21 at 11:20

Are you an English? Are you a British?

9 Answers9

Ask if they're described by an adjective or are a noun.

Note: The [adjective]+"man" construction still works elsewhere.

Note: The `[adjective]+"man"` construction still works elsewhere.